machine design

Standard Ball Bearing Components The standard essential components of a  ball bearing  are defined as follows: 1. Inner Ring: The Inner Ring is the smaller of the two bearing rings. Inner ring has a groove on its outer diameter to form a pathway for the balls. The surface of outside diameter path is finished to extremely tight tolerances and is honed to a very smooth. The inner ring is mounted on the shaft and it is the rotating element. 2. Outer Ring: The Outer Ring is the larger of the two bearing rings. On outer ring there is a groove on its inside diameter to form a pathway for the balls. Outer ring surface also has the same high precision finish of the inner ring. The outer ring is usually held stationery. 3. Balls: Balls of a bearing are the rolling elements that separate the inner ring and outer ring and permit the bearing to rotate with minimal friction. The radius of the ball is made slightly smaller than the grooved ball track on the inner and...

Computer Aided Design (CAD) Computer Aided Design (CAD)  systems describe software systems capable of creating, modifying and analyzing an engineering design. This involves computers to aid in the process of product design and development. CAD originated from early computer graphic systems, and evolved with the development of interactive computer graphics and geometric modelling . The development of  Sketchpad system at MIT in 1963  by Dr. Ivan Sutherland was the turning point in the development of CAD systems. Sketchpad was the first system that allowed a designer to interact with a computer graphically by drawing on a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor with a light pen. Computer aided design of a joystick. Image source: globalspec.com In the early 1970s CAD systems were little more than drafting software used to create 2D drawings, limited to simple geometry, such as lines, circular arcs and ellipse arcs. Therefore they were often reffered to as computer...

Screw Threads Terminology Screw thread is a continuous helical groove of specified cross-section produced on the external or internal surface. A screw thread formed on a cylinder is known as straight or parallel screw thread, while screw thread formed on a cone or frustum is known as the tapered screw thread. Axis of a thread : This is an imaginary line running longitudinally through the center of the screw. Crest :  Crest of the thread  is the top most surface joining the two sides. Root :  Root of the thread  is the bottom of the groove between the two flanks. Flank :  Flank of thread  are straight edges which connect the crest with the root of the thread. Pitch : Pitch of a thread is the distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a thread to the corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane and on the same side of the axis. Depth of thread : Depth of a thread is the distance between the crest and ...

Identification Charts for Different Types of Fasteners: Head styles, Bolt and Screw, Drive, Washer and Nut types A fastener is a hardware device that is used for creating non-permanent joints. Fasteners can be used to close a container of a box or an envelope, or they may involve keeping together the sides of an opening of flexible material, attaching a lid to a container, etc. Other alternative methods of joining processes for joining materials include welding,  soldering ,  brazing , crimping, taping, cementing, gluing or the use of other adhesives. The use of forces such as magnetic force or even frictional force can also join materials. Stainless steel, carbon steel, and alloy steel are the three major steel fasteners manufactured in industries fasteners. With the help of below charts you can identify almost any type of Bolt and Screw different types of Fasteners, Head styles in Fasteners, Drive types in Fasteners, Washer types in Fasteners and Nut types ...

Rivets: Different Types of Riveted Joints   Rivet is used to connect two or more plates inserted through the hole in plates and pressed on the other side. The Unwin’s formula gives the diameter of the rivet hole for a given plate: d = 6*t 0.5 where, t = Thickness of plate in mm and d = Diameter of the rivet in mm which is used to denote dimension of the rivet. Types of Rivets: For steel plates, the rivets are made of low carbon steel. The rivets in copper add to resistance against corrosion and aluminum rivets can be used to lower the weight of the structure. Rivets with countersunk head and oval countersunk rivets shown in bottom image are not as strong as button head rivets. Countersunk head and oval countersunk rivets are used only when protruding rivet heads are objectionable. Pan heads and conical heads are less frequently used and are difficult to produce. Tubular rivets have a special deviation from solid rivet shank. Tubular rivets are used in aircraft...

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)  describes the use of the computers and computer technology to assist in all phases of manufacturing, including process and production planning scheduling, manufacture, quality control, and management. Historically, CAM technology was sparked by the invention of NC (Numerical control) machine tools that were developed to manufacture complex shapes in an accurate and repeatable manner. NS machines are directed by part programs following industrial data standard, RS274D, known as  ISO 6983 , internationally. The standard defines set of ‘M’ and ‘G’ codes which specify a sequence of cutting tool movements as well as the direction of rotation, the speed of travel and various auxiliary functions, such as coolant flow. A view of a Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system graphic terminals in use at Letterkenny Army Depot. The first generation of Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) emerged...